What Is an
Incurred Cost Proposal?

The Complete Guide for Government Contractors — Requirements, Schedules, Cost Classification, and DCAA Audit Preparation
15
Required Schedules
6 Months
Submission Deadline
47
Adequacy Questions
5
Allowability Tests
01 — Definition & Purpose
What Is an Incurred Cost Proposal?
An annual submission required under FAR 52.216-7 for contractors with flexibly priced government contracts. It reports actual costs incurred and supports the establishment and negotiation of final indirect cost rates, which may be reviewed or audited by DCAA or the cognizant agency.

Incurred Cost Proposal (ICP)

The most common name for the annual indirect rate proposal submitted to DCAA. Collects all cost accounting data from a contractor's general ledger to compute actual indirect rates for the fiscal year.

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Incurred Cost Submission (ICS)

An alternate name used interchangeably with ICP. DCAA and many contracting officers use “submission” to refer to the same package of schedules and supporting documentation.

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Indirect Cost Rate Proposal (ICRP)

A third name for the same deliverable, emphasizing its core purpose: establishing the actual indirect cost rates that replace provisional billing rates used during contract performance.

How It Works

During the year, contractors bill using provisional indirect rates — estimates approved at contract start. After the fiscal year closes, the ICP computes actual rates from the general ledger. The difference between what was billed (provisional) and what should have been billed (actual) produces an overbilling or underbilling on each flexibly priced contract. Overbillings are credited to the government; underbillings may be invoiced.

02 — Applicability
Who Must Submit an ICP?
Contractors with flexibly priced government contracts that incorporate FAR 52.216-7 (Allowable Cost and Payment) are required to submit an annual incurred cost proposal. This clause appears in Section I of your contract.
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(1) Fixed-Price (Select Types)

Fixed-price contracts described at FAR 16.203-1(a)(2), 16.204, 16.205, and 16.206 — including economic price adjustment, redetermination, and fixed-ceiling-price contracts.

(2) Cost-Reimbursement

Cost-reimbursement contracts and subcontracts (FAR subpart 16.3), including CPFF, CPIF, CPAF, and cost-sharing arrangements.

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(3) Incentive Contracts

Incentive contracts and subcontracts where the price may be adjusted based on actual costs incurred (FAR subpart 16.4).

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(4) Indefinite-Delivery Orders

Orders issued under indefinite-delivery contracts and subcontracts where final payment is based on actual costs incurred (FAR subpart 16.5).

(5) T&M Materials Portion

The materials portion of time-and-materials contracts and subcontracts (FAR subpart 16.6).

Note

Fixed-price contracts generally do not trigger the ICP requirement unless they contain flexibly priced line items. If you are unsure whether FAR 52.216-7 applies, check Section I of your contract — that is where the clause will appear if incorporated.

03 — Submission Timeline
From Fiscal Year End to Final Rates
FAR 52.216-7 requires submission within six months of fiscal year end. For a calendar-year contractor, the deadline is June 30. Here is the full lifecycle from close to completion.
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FY Ends

Contractor closes the books on the fiscal year

6-Month Deadline

ICP must be submitted within 6 months of FY end

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Submit to DCAA & ACO

Proposal delivered to the auditor and contracting officer

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Adequacy Review

DCAA screens against 47-question checklist

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Incurred Cost Audit

DCAA examines rates, costs, and compliance

Final Rates Issued

ACO issues final rate agreement letter

Example

A contractor with a calendar fiscal year (Jan 1 – Dec 31) must submit its ICP by June 30 of the following year. A contractor with a September 30 fiscal year end must submit by March 31. Extensions may be requested but approval is at DCAA's discretion.

04 — Required Schedules
ICP Schedules A Through O
The incurred cost proposal is organized into 15 schedules plus supplemental information. Together, they give DCAA a complete picture of how costs were incurred, classified, pooled, and allocated.
Schedule Title Description
A Rate Summary Master summary of all indirect rates (Pool ÷ Base = Rate)
B G&A Expense Pool General & Administrative indirect cost pool detail
C Overhead Pool(s) Overhead indirect cost pool detail
D Intermediate Pools Intermediate cost pools (e.g., Occupancy) allocated to final pools
E Allocation Bases OH and G&A allocation base detail (labor, fringe, direct costs)
F Cost of Money CAS 414 facilities capital cost of money computation
G Reconciliation Reconciliation of total costs to books of record
H Direct Costs Direct costs by contract with applied indirect rates
I Cumulative Costs Cumulative allowable costs and billings by contract
J Subcontracts Subcontract and intercompany cost detail
K T&M Contracts Time and materials contract detail
L Payroll Reconciliation Labor distribution vs. IRS Form 941 reconciliation
M Decisions & Changes Disclosure of CAS changes and accounting practice changes
N Certificate FAR 52.242-4 Certificate of Final Indirect Costs
O Contract Closing Contract completion and closing information
Key Schedules

Schedule A summarizes all computed indirect rates. Schedule H lists direct costs by individual contract. Schedule I tracks cumulative costs claimed and billed — revealing overbillings and underbillings. Schedule N is the signed certification that all claimed costs are allowable — submitting without it renders the entire proposal inadequate.

05 — Cost Classification
Direct vs. Indirect Costs
Properly classifying costs is one of the most critical aspects of ICP preparation. Misclassification distorts indirect rates and can trigger DCAA questioned costs.

Direct Costs

Charged to a specific contract

Expenses that can be specifically identified with a single contract. These costs vary based on the contract's scope and requirements.

  • Labor — Salaries and wages for employees working directly on a contract
  • Materials & Supplies — Equipment and raw materials for contract deliverables
  • Subcontractor Costs — Payments to third-party vendors performing contract-specific tasks
  • Travel — Trip costs directly tied to a specific contract's requirements
  • Other Direct Costs (ODCs) — Any expense directly attributable to one contract

Indirect Costs

Pooled and allocated across contracts

Expenses that benefit multiple contracts or the organization as a whole. These costs are pooled and distributed via indirect rates.

  • Overhead — Facilities, indirect labor, IT support, depreciation on production equipment
  • G&A — Executive salaries, HR, accounting, legal, corporate rent
  • Fringe Benefits — Healthcare, retirement contributions, PTO accruals, payroll taxes
  • IR&D / B&P — Independent research and development, bid and proposal costs
  • Occupancy — Rent, utilities, and maintenance allocated across cost objectives
Why It Matters

Charging an indirect cost as direct inflates the contract price and understates indirect rates. Charging a direct cost as indirect distributes it to contracts that received no benefit. Either error can result in DCAA questioned costs, rate adjustments, and compliance findings.

06 — FAR 31.201-2(a) Requirements
Five Requirements for Cost Allowability
A cost is allowable only when it complies with all five of the following requirements. Failure on any single requirement can result in disallowance.
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(1) Reasonableness

A prudent businessperson would incur the same cost under similar circumstances. The cost must be ordinary and necessary for the conduct of the contractor's business.

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(2) Allocability

The cost must provide a measurable benefit to the contract or cost objective being charged. A cost is allocable if it is incurred specifically for the contract or benefits it in proportion to the allocation.

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(3) CAS Standards

The cost must comply with standards promulgated by the CAS Board, if applicable; otherwise, generally accepted accounting principles and practices appropriate to the circumstances.

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(4) Terms of the Contract

Contract-Specific

The cost must conform to any limitations set forth in the specific contract terms. Contracts may include clauses that restrict or cap certain cost categories beyond what FAR requires.

(5) FAR Subpart 31.2 Limitations

The cost must comply with any limitations set forth in FAR subpart 31.2, including the 46 cost principle categories under FAR 31.205 that define which expenses are allowable, unallowable, or conditionally allowable.

Penalty Warning

Costs that are expressly unallowable under FAR 31.205 (entertainment, lobbying, alcoholic beverages, etc.) must be identified and removed from indirect pools before submission. Including expressly unallowable costs can trigger penalties under FAR 42.709 — up to the amount of the unallowable cost plus interest.

07 — Audit Findings
Common Mistakes
These recurring errors appear in DCAA incurred cost audits year after year. Understanding them helps you avoid the most frequent findings.

Cost Misclassification

Charging indirect costs as direct (or vice versa) distorts rates across every contract and is one of the most common DCAA findings.

Missing Unallowable Adjustments

Failing to remove FAR 31.205 expressly unallowable costs from indirect pools — entertainment, lobbying, interest, alcohol — before submission.

Incorrect Allocation Bases

Including or excluding costs from the G&A base that contradict the contractor's elected CAS 410 method, producing cascading rate errors.

Payroll Reconciliation Errors

Schedule L (payroll) does not reconcile to the general ledger, creating a gap that DCAA will question during audit fieldwork.

Unsigned Schedule N

Submitting without a signed Certificate of Final Indirect Costs renders the entire proposal inadequate and restarts the review clock.

Insufficient Documentation

Missing invoices, timesheets, or subcontract agreements to support claimed costs. DCAA requires full transparency during audit.

08 — Non-Compliance Risks
Consequences of Non-Compliance
Failing to submit a timely, adequate incurred cost proposal carries significant financial and operational consequences for government contractors.
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Reduced Billing Rates

The contracting officer may reduce provisional billing rates on flexibly priced contracts when a timely and adequate incurred cost proposal has not been submitted.

Unilateral Rate Determination

The contracting officer may establish final indirect cost rates unilaterally when the contractor fails to submit a completion invoice after rates are settled, per FAR 52.216-7(d)(6).

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DCAA Questioned Costs

Inadequate proposals invite deeper scrutiny. DCAA may question entire cost categories if supporting documentation is missing or if unallowable costs are found in indirect pools.

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FAR 42.709 Penalties

Including expressly unallowable costs in the ICP can trigger penalties equal to the disallowed amount plus interest. Repeat offenses can result in penalties up to twice the unallowable amount.

Bottom Line

A late or inadequate ICP does not just delay contract closeout — it can directly reduce cash flow, trigger penalties, and damage your standing with contracting officers and DCAA. Timely, accurate submission is one of the highest-value compliance activities a government contractor can perform.

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